優(yōu)勝?gòu)倪x擇開(kāi)始,我們是您最好的選擇!—— 中州期刊聯(lián)盟(新鄉(xiāng)市博翰文化傳媒有限公司)

安德森的語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)賞析——讀安德森的《手》

作者:陳安慧來(lái)源:《文學(xué)教育》日期:2017-08-02人氣:3541

一、引言

舍伍德·安德森(1876--1941)是個(gè)大器晚成的作家,在美國(guó)現(xiàn)代文學(xué)史上享有非常重要的地位。在20世紀(jì)20年代,他以短篇小說(shuō)集《小城畸人》(Winesburg Ohio 1919)、《雞蛋的勝利》(The Triumph of the Egg 1921)以及長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)《窮白人》(Poor White 1922)等享譽(yù)美國(guó)文壇。安德森對(duì)美國(guó)文壇的重要貢獻(xiàn)在于,“他與格特魯?shù)隆に固┮虻热艘黄痖_(kāi)創(chuàng)了美國(guó)小說(shuō)的一代新文體,提倡清新樸實(shí)的文風(fēng),拒絕玩弄機(jī)變與巧智?!盵1]在他之前,文學(xué)創(chuàng)作流行用長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的書(shū)面語(yǔ),他則以講人民的故事為己任,盡量使用簡(jiǎn)短平易的口頭語(yǔ),同時(shí)他精心挑選的用詞,又遠(yuǎn)非現(xiàn)實(shí)中的口頭語(yǔ)所能比。安德森就此形成了一種既精煉又貼近大眾語(yǔ)言的獨(dú)特文體風(fēng)格,這種風(fēng)格極大地影響了后世美國(guó)文學(xué)的發(fā)展,所以,威廉·??思{稱(chēng)他為“我們這一代作家的父親”。[2]

《手》是安德森的短篇小說(shuō)集《小城畸人》中的第一篇,它講述一個(gè)曾經(jīng)充滿(mǎn)夢(mèng)想,充滿(mǎn)愛(ài)心的年輕人阿道夫·麥耶斯由于一雙善于表達(dá)的雙手而遭人誤解,以至于背井離鄉(xiāng),孤苦生活成為一個(gè)“心理畸人”的悲慘故事。安德森采用現(xiàn)實(shí)與回憶交替的手法,通過(guò)一個(gè)個(gè)精心描繪的場(chǎng)景、人物個(gè)性化的言辭等,一步步揭開(kāi)了阿道夫·麥耶斯由溫情善良的年輕人變?yōu)榛说倪^(guò)程。這篇小說(shuō)較典型地反映了安德森的寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格,因此被公認(rèn)為安德森的上乘之作。

二、語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)賞析

任何文本都有一個(gè)讀來(lái)順不順口,語(yǔ)氣暢不暢,音色美不美的問(wèn)題。“分析文體時(shí),語(yǔ)音質(zhì)量始終是一個(gè)重要的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?!盵3] 其次,詞與文體關(guān)系密切,研究英語(yǔ)文體的人至今還常引用斯威夫特給文體下的定義:“把恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~用在恰當(dāng)?shù)牡胤健?。[4] 再次,司考特曾指出:“作者的文體既體現(xiàn)在他對(duì)詞的選擇上,也同樣體現(xiàn)在他對(duì)分句和結(jié)構(gòu)的選擇上,而且兩者同樣重要?!盵5] 因此,本文將從語(yǔ)音、詞匯、句法三個(gè)層面上,通過(guò)對(duì)《手》這篇小說(shuō)中的幾個(gè)場(chǎng)景的分析來(lái)賞析它的文體風(fēng)格。

(一)現(xiàn)實(shí)場(chǎng)景一:喧鬧中的寂寞

這是故事開(kāi)端對(duì)主人公生活場(chǎng)景的一段描寫(xiě):

(1)Upon the half decayed veranda of a small frame house that stood near the edge of a ravine near the town of Winesburg, Ohio, a fat little old man walked nervously up and down.(2) Across a long field that had been seeded for clover but that had produced only a dense crop of yellow mustard weeds, he could see the public highway along which went a wagon filled with berry pickers returning from the fields. (3)The berry pickers, youths and maidens, laughed and shouted boisterously.(4) A boy clad in a blue shirt leaped from the wagon and attempted to drag after him one of the maidens who screamed and protested shrilly. (5)The feet of the boy in the road kicked up a cloud of dust that floated across the face of the departing sun.

主人公在第(1)句出場(chǎng),此句的前半句是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),24個(gè)單詞,從音系上看,輔音以擦音/f/、/v/、/ʃ/、/ʒ/居多共占10個(gè),元音以后元音/u:/、/ɑ:/、/ɔ:/及雙元音/ei/、/au/、/əu/、/iə/居多,共占13個(gè)。這些元音本身發(fā)音較長(zhǎng),給人暗淡、模糊的感覺(jué),再與擦音相結(jié)合,聲音顯得更長(zhǎng),使人感受到遲緩、壓抑、沉重和憂(yōu)郁的情緒,讀者可以從這半句的音素特點(diǎn)中感受到主人公沉悶、缺乏生氣的生活,為本文背景奠定了基調(diào)。第(1)句的后半句僅10個(gè)單詞,其中短元音/æ/、/i/、/ə/、/Λ/共出現(xiàn)8次,塞音/t/、/d/、/k/、/p/也出現(xiàn)8次。短元音與塞音的組合,使句子語(yǔ)速加快,恰似主人公緊張不安、坐臥不寧的情緒。第(2)句描寫(xiě)主人公放眼遠(yuǎn)望所看到的景象。大量的擦音/s/、/f/,邊音/l/(共出現(xiàn)20次)和元音/i/、/i:/(共出現(xiàn)13次),讀起來(lái)恰似田野的空曠和遙遠(yuǎn),兩個(gè)/ŋ/音與/l /音結(jié)合(long, along),更拉長(zhǎng)了空間距離,暗示了主人公與外界的隔絕。接著的后三句運(yùn)用了大量的塞音/p/、/b/、/t/、/d/共計(jì)40次,這些塞音的短促有力使讀者通過(guò)聲音感受到了一幅少男少女奔跑跳躍的畫(huà)面。在詞匯層面上,第一句最值得關(guān)注的是幾個(gè)形容詞和副詞。作者用half decayed描寫(xiě)主人公住屋的走廊,用nervously,up and down形容主人公的往來(lái)蹀躞,使背景和人物都顯出一絲神秘感。但對(duì)于主人公的外貌,作者用的卻是極簡(jiǎn)單的三個(gè)形容詞fat 、little 、old,這樣不起眼的人物在半朽的走廊上神經(jīng)質(zhì)地上上下下,不禁使人產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的好奇心,想一探究竟,了解此人的故事。后三句的59個(gè)單詞中有46個(gè)是單音節(jié)詞,這些單音節(jié)詞表現(xiàn)出歡快的運(yùn)動(dòng)節(jié)奏,安德森通過(guò)單音節(jié)詞精心勾勒出的這幅栩栩如生的熱鬧場(chǎng)景,與前兩句中主人公的落寞形成鮮明對(duì)比,更襯托出主人公的寂寞。在語(yǔ)句層面上,第(1)、(2)句都是較長(zhǎng)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)置于句首的倒裝句,狀語(yǔ)前置是對(duì)常規(guī)語(yǔ)言的小小變異,起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用,這樣使衰敗的住房、空曠的田野這一背景更加令人印象深刻。

(二)現(xiàn)實(shí)場(chǎng)景二:熱情的爆發(fā)

(1)“You are destroying yourself,” he cried.

(2)“You have the inclination to be alone and to dream and you are afraid of dreams. (3)You want to be like others in town here. (4)You hear them talk and you try to imitate them.”

……

(5)Wing Biddlebaum became wholly inspired. (6)For once he forgot the hands. (7)Slowly they stole forth and lay upon Biddlebaum Willard’s shoulders. (8)Something new and bold came into the voice that talked. (9)“You must try to forget all you have learned,” said the old man. (10)“You must begin to dream. (11)From this time on you must shut your ears to the roaring of the voices.”

在音系層面上,所選段落共96個(gè)單詞,其中包含元音/Λ/、/æ/、/ɔ/、/ɔ:/、/ɑ:/、/ai/、/ɔi/共42個(gè)。這些元音發(fā)音時(shí)開(kāi)口大,聲音響亮,充分展示了比德?tīng)桋U姆在長(zhǎng)久的壓抑中難得一次的激情迸發(fā)。他大聲地喊叫,宣泄著心中的郁悶;他充滿(mǎn)了靈感,一刻不停地說(shuō)著,使自己靜如止水的生活終于有了一絲波瀾,也使這部小說(shuō)達(dá)到了一個(gè)小小的高潮。在詞匯層面上,描寫(xiě)比德?tīng)桋U姆的動(dòng)作時(shí)用到了爆發(fā)力很強(qiáng)的幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞,如cry, shout,這與他平時(shí)的怯生生截然不同,居然敢向人大叫,這幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞淋漓盡致地刻畫(huà)出了主人公瞬間噴薄而出的勇氣。在比德?tīng)桋U姆所說(shuō)的最后三句話(huà)中,每句出現(xiàn)must一次,這種命令式的語(yǔ)氣一反他孤寂自閉、畏縮的形象,而成為一名自信、充滿(mǎn)激情的教導(dǎo)者,仿佛又回到了從前他還名叫阿道夫·麥耶斯,在賓夕法尼亞的一個(gè)小城里當(dāng)學(xué)校教師的時(shí)光。在句法層面上的特點(diǎn):因?yàn)檫@是一篇關(guān)于手的故事,作者隨時(shí)都沒(méi)忘了描寫(xiě)比德?tīng)桋U姆的雙手,及潛意識(shí)中雙手對(duì)比德?tīng)桋U姆的影響。在第(7)句提到比德?tīng)桋U姆的雙手溜出來(lái)放在喬治肩上時(shí),作者沒(méi)有說(shuō)“Slowly he stretched forth his hands and lay them upon Biddlebaum Willard’s shoulders.”而是說(shuō)“Slowly they stole forth and lay upon Biddlebaum Willard’s shoulders.”作者直接用“手”作主語(yǔ),賦予 “手”獨(dú)立性,仿佛它們不用依附于比德?tīng)桋U姆而自身就具有生命力,更突出了其雙手的與眾不同,它們是比德?tīng)桋U姆表達(dá)愛(ài)與關(guān)懷的工具,是他身上最具靈氣的部位。

(三)回憶場(chǎng)景一:夢(mèng)境般的黃金時(shí)代

在讀者迷惑于比德?tīng)桋U姆雙手的神奇,不解他為何總要有意識(shí)地藏起雙手時(shí),作者筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn)娓娓道出了比德?tīng)桋U姆來(lái)到溫士堡之前的故事。比德?tīng)桋U姆原名阿道夫·麥耶斯,曾是賓夕法尼亞一個(gè)小城里極受學(xué)生愛(ài)戴的教師。作者首先對(duì)他的執(zhí)教生涯作了如下描述:

(1)With the boys of his school, Adolph Myers had walked in the evening or had sat talking until dusk upon the schoolhouse steps lost in a kind of dream.(2)Here and there went his hands, caressing the shoulders of the boys, playing about the tousled heads.(3)As he talked his voice became soft and musical.(4)There was a caress in that also.(5)In a way the voice and the hands, the stroking of the shoulders and the touching of the hair was a part of the schoolmaster’s effort to carry a dream into the young minds.(6)By the caress that was in his fingers he expressed himself.(7)He was one of those man in whom the force that creates life is diffused, not centralized.(8)Under the caress of his hands doubt and disbelief went out of the minds of the boys and they began also to dream.

在音系層面上,較多的后元音/u:/、/ɔ:/及雙元音/əu/、/au/、/ɛə/共28個(gè),給人模糊朦膿的感覺(jué)。流輔音/l/、/r/和鼻輔音/m/、/n/、/ŋ/的大量使用(共67個(gè)),使這段描寫(xiě)讀起來(lái)很柔和。這些朦膿柔和的聲音帶給讀者一種夢(mèng)幻感和超離感,猶如欣賞一幅暖色調(diào)的圖畫(huà):夕陽(yáng)余輝中,師生并肩坐在臺(tái)階上,面對(duì)斜陽(yáng),眼中充滿(mǎn)憧憬,臉上面帶微笑,似夢(mèng)境,似現(xiàn)實(shí),讓人覺(jué)得溫暖而感動(dòng)。詞匯層面上,在這小段文字中caress一詞被重復(fù)四次,Caress是這雙手具有的功能,他通過(guò)這雙手的愛(ài)撫來(lái)表達(dá)內(nèi)心對(duì)學(xué)生真摯的關(guān)愛(ài),通過(guò)這雙手的愛(ài)撫向?qū)W生傳遞自己的夢(mèng)想。另外,dream一詞重復(fù)三次,使本已溫馨柔美的畫(huà)面更增添一份夢(mèng)幻感。形容比德?tīng)桋U姆嗓音的soft、musical的使用,為畫(huà)面配上了一段輕柔的音樂(lè),令讀者心馳神往。從語(yǔ)句上看,作者仍是將雙手的動(dòng)作做狀語(yǔ)放在句首,強(qiáng)調(diào)主人公所有的夢(mèng)想、歡樂(lè)都有賴(lài)于雙手的自如發(fā)揮,如第(6)、(8)句。這段雖是作者的講述,但也是比德?tīng)桋U姆經(jīng)常憶起的畫(huà)面,正是這溫暖而美好的回憶給了他莫大的精神支撐,支持他走過(guò)了二十年的孤寂歲月。這段親身經(jīng)歷正是他對(duì)報(bào)社記者喬治提起過(guò)的牧歌式的黃金時(shí)代。

(四) 回憶場(chǎng)景二:突如其來(lái)的噩夢(mèng)

關(guān)于自己的過(guò)去,還有一段是比德?tīng)桋U姆想忘也忘不掉的。他雙手的愛(ài)撫遭人誤解,終于有一天,一名學(xué)生家長(zhǎng)找上門(mén)來(lái)。

(1)Calling Adolph Myers into the school yard he began to beat him with his fists. (2)As his hard knuckles beat down into the frightened face of the schoolmaster, his wrath became more and more terrible. (3)Screaming with dismay, the children ran here and there like disturbed insects. (4)“I’ll teach you to put your hands on my boy, you beast,” roared the saloon keeper, who, tired of beating the master, had began to kick him about the yard.

音系層面上,此段含有元音/i/、/i:/共計(jì)26個(gè),以短音居多共計(jì)19個(gè),另有大量的塞音/t/、/k/、/b/、/p/共計(jì)35個(gè)。這些聲音有如急促的鼓點(diǎn),正似不斷落在阿道夫身上的拳腳。詞匯層面上,安德森發(fā)揮了他一貫的寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格,即重復(fù)關(guān)鍵詞。Beat一詞重復(fù)了三次,強(qiáng)調(diào)此段的主題——被打。阿道夫不僅身受重創(chuàng),這伴隨著怒吼落下的拳頭也一下?lián)羲榱怂膲?mèng)。語(yǔ)句層面上,第一句Calling引導(dǎo)的分詞短語(yǔ)做狀語(yǔ),表示與主句動(dòng)詞began to beat同時(shí)發(fā)生;第二句as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)也表示動(dòng)詞beat與wrath became more and more terrible同時(shí)發(fā)生。兩句緊挨在一起,顯得一切都發(fā)生得那么快,不僅主人公,就連讀者也被這突如其來(lái)的虐打震懵了。正是這場(chǎng)飛來(lái)橫禍,迫使阿道夫遠(yuǎn)走他鄉(xiāng),隱姓埋名離群索居二十年,也正是這次打擊使他感到他的手是有過(guò)失的,因此,在此后的二十年里,他始終竭力將手藏在衣袋里或背后。

(五) 現(xiàn)實(shí)場(chǎng)景四:無(wú)邊的孤寂

過(guò)去的故事講完,作者又將眼光投到了比德?tīng)桋U姆現(xiàn)在的生活中。

(1)Upon the veranda of his house by the ravine, Wing Biddlebaum continued to walk up and down until the sun had disappeared and the road beyond the field was lost in the grey shadows.……(2)Lighting a lamp, Wing Biddlebaum washed the few dishes soiled by his simple meal and, setting up a folding cot by the screen door that led to the porch, prepared to undress for the night. (3)A few stray white bread crumbs lay on the cleanly washed floor by the table; putting the lamp upon a low stool he began to pick up the crumbs, carrying them to his mouth one by one with unbelievable rapidity. (4)In the dense blotch of light beneath the table, the kneeling figure looked like a priest engaged in some service of his church. (5)The nervous expressive fingers, flashing in and out of the light, might well have been mistaken for the fingers of the devotee going swiftly through decade after decade of his rosary.

這是文章的最后一段。一看到第(1)句,讀者馬上就會(huì)記起第一段,因?yàn)檫@兩段的開(kāi)端極其相似。這種段落的重復(fù)使人想到了比德?tīng)桋U姆生活的定勢(shì),表達(dá)了主人公將一如既往地在這狹小的天地苦熬,直到生命的盡頭。第(2)至(5)句音系上的特點(diǎn):129個(gè)單詞中有短元音/i/40個(gè),尤其集中在撿面包屑那一部分,再與大量發(fā)音較短的輔音/p/、/d/ 結(jié)合,使語(yǔ)速變得快而急促。讀者從比德?tīng)桋U姆拾起面包屑的快速和專(zhuān)心致志中感受到他孤獨(dú)以至于畸變的心態(tài)。另外,大量的/ѕ/、/ʃ/音仿佛小屋外曠野上的風(fēng)聲,又仿佛是主人公內(nèi)心的哭泣聲,更似讀者發(fā)出的嘆息聲。詞匯層面上,接連運(yùn)用并列結(jié)構(gòu)詞組one by one、 in and out 、decade after decade形象地突出了比德?tīng)桋U姆動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性。句法上,這四句描寫(xiě)的動(dòng)作很簡(jiǎn)單,但都是長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的句子。復(fù)雜句往往表現(xiàn)人們難以理解的復(fù)雜的思想,因此,這幾句雖只在描述主人公機(jī)械簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)作,實(shí)則在表現(xiàn)其內(nèi)心復(fù)雜的心情。

三、結(jié)論

安德森的作品雖以語(yǔ)言貼近大眾為主要特色,但我們?nèi)阅軓闹姓业郊?xì)微的有別于大眾的特點(diǎn),這些特點(diǎn)是對(duì)普通語(yǔ)言的微小變異,也正是這些微小的“語(yǔ)言?xún)?nèi)部語(yǔ)音、句子結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯方面的普通的、常見(jiàn)的小變化、小不同”。[6]形成了作家作品獨(dú)特的風(fēng)格。我們看到,安德森在這篇小說(shuō)中作為一個(gè)“無(wú)所不知的敘述者”穿梭于現(xiàn)實(shí)與回憶之間,把一個(gè)情節(jié)簡(jiǎn)單的故事講述得令人動(dòng)容,唏噓不已。能夠打動(dòng)人心的作品絕不是信手拈來(lái)的隨筆之作,作者只有對(duì)字詞精挑細(xì)選,對(duì)語(yǔ)句細(xì)心琢磨,才能創(chuàng)造出這樣的一部經(jīng)典之作。安德森正是這樣以其精湛的寫(xiě)作技巧,從音、詞、句各個(gè)層面,對(duì)主人公的經(jīng)歷和內(nèi)心感受進(jìn)行了入木三分的刻畫(huà),才使得讀者感同身受,不由得為這個(gè)徘徊于生活邊緣的主人公掬上一把同情淚,而安德森自身特有的寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格——重復(fù)關(guān)鍵詞、狀語(yǔ)前置等,也在這部作品中有了充分的體現(xiàn)。


本文來(lái)源:《文學(xué)教育》:http://m.00559.cn/w/wy/63.html

網(wǎng)絡(luò)客服QQ: 沈編輯

投訴建議:0373-5939925????投訴建議QQ:

招聘合作:2851259250@qq.com (如您是期刊主編、文章高手,可通過(guò)郵件合作)

地址:河南省新鄉(xiāng)市金穗大道東段266號(hào)中州期刊聯(lián)盟 ICP備案號(hào):豫ICP備2020036848

【免責(zé)聲明】:中州期刊聯(lián)盟所提供的信息資源如有侵權(quán)、違規(guī),請(qǐng)及時(shí)告知。

版權(quán)所有:中州期刊聯(lián)盟(新鄉(xiāng)市博翰文化傳媒有限公司)

關(guān)注”中州期刊聯(lián)盟”公眾號(hào)
了解論文寫(xiě)作全系列課程

核心期刊為何難發(fā)?

論文發(fā)表總嫌貴?

職院?jiǎn)挝话l(fā)核心?

掃描關(guān)注公眾號(hào)

論文發(fā)表不再有疑惑

論文寫(xiě)作全系列課程

掃碼了解更多

輕松寫(xiě)核心期刊論文

在線(xiàn)留言